Since the mid-80s there has been an increased interest in digging below the technological
surface of computer-related research problems. These works are relevant both concerning
methodology and content. The following is a short list of some of the most important early
works within this emerging "critical/reflective" tradition in computer science, focusing
on overall research methodology:
• In (Winograd and Flores, 1986), the authors make an analysis of the implicit
assumptions of the AI research tradition, and sketch an alternative theoretical
foundation for the design of computer systems. They explicitly express ടെക്നിക്കല്
Since the mid-80s there has been an increased interest in digging below the technological
surface of computer-related research problems. These works are relevant both concerning
methodology and content. The following is a short list of some of the most important early
works within this emerging "critical/reflective" tradition in computer science, focusing
on overall research methodology:
• In (Winograd and Flores, 1986), the authors make an analysis of the implicit
assumptions of the AI research tradition, and sketch an alternative theoretical
foundation for the design of computer systems. They explicitly express ടെക്നിക്കല്
• In (Turkle, 1984) and (Turkle, 1995), Sherry Turkle studies the computer as a
cultural artifact in different subcultures. Methodologically she belongs within the
social science tradition in that she does not state technical applicability as an aim of
her research. Her studies differ from Suchman's in that she to a larger extent uses the
empirical data inductively. Where Suchman uses her case to illustrate a conclusion
she has already made, Turkle enters into the data analysis without a well-defined
hypothesis to test.
• In (Ehn, 1988), the author sums up and reflects on the early years of “Participatory
Design” in Scandinavia. He re-frames systems development from three positions:
Marxism, the philosophy of Heidegger, and the late work of Wittgenstein.
Throughout the book, he keeps a focus on the relations between work, workers,
designers, and systems; and does not hide that the political dimension of the research
is a further democratization of the workplace.
A common methodological denominator of these studies, and of the work by Bødker (1991),
Laurel (1991), and Andersen (1991), is that they reframed computer-related problems within
theoretical frameworks that were at that point not made relevant to computer science (i.e.
Activity Theory, Dramatic theory, and Semiotics). In addition to the reframing, some of the
authors try to ground their resulting conclusions in empirical findings (i.e. Andersen, Ehn,
Suchman and Turkle).
All works mentioned show a strong hermeneutic knowledge interest, while (Winograd &
Flores, 1986) and (Bødker, 1991) in addition explicitly express a technical knowledge
interest. The emancipatory interest is most explicit in Ehn’s work, but is also largely present in
the work of Winograd & Flores.
surface of computer-related research problems. These works are relevant both concerning
methodology and content. The following is a short list of some of the most important early
works within this emerging "critical/reflective" tradition in computer science, focusing
on overall research methodology:
• In (Winograd and Flores, 1986), the authors make an analysis of the implicit
assumptions of the AI research tradition, and sketch an alternative theoretical
foundation for the design of computer systems. They explicitly express ടെക്നിക്കല്
Since the mid-80s there has been an increased interest in digging below the technological
surface of computer-related research problems. These works are relevant both concerning
methodology and content. The following is a short list of some of the most important early
works within this emerging "critical/reflective" tradition in computer science, focusing
on overall research methodology:
• In (Winograd and Flores, 1986), the authors make an analysis of the implicit
assumptions of the AI research tradition, and sketch an alternative theoretical
foundation for the design of computer systems. They explicitly express ടെക്നിക്കല്
• In (Turkle, 1984) and (Turkle, 1995), Sherry Turkle studies the computer as a
cultural artifact in different subcultures. Methodologically she belongs within the
social science tradition in that she does not state technical applicability as an aim of
her research. Her studies differ from Suchman's in that she to a larger extent uses the
empirical data inductively. Where Suchman uses her case to illustrate a conclusion
she has already made, Turkle enters into the data analysis without a well-defined
hypothesis to test.
• In (Ehn, 1988), the author sums up and reflects on the early years of “Participatory
Design” in Scandinavia. He re-frames systems development from three positions:
Marxism, the philosophy of Heidegger, and the late work of Wittgenstein.
Throughout the book, he keeps a focus on the relations between work, workers,
designers, and systems; and does not hide that the political dimension of the research
is a further democratization of the workplace.
A common methodological denominator of these studies, and of the work by Bødker (1991),
Laurel (1991), and Andersen (1991), is that they reframed computer-related problems within
theoretical frameworks that were at that point not made relevant to computer science (i.e.
Activity Theory, Dramatic theory, and Semiotics). In addition to the reframing, some of the
authors try to ground their resulting conclusions in empirical findings (i.e. Andersen, Ehn,
Suchman and Turkle).
All works mentioned show a strong hermeneutic knowledge interest, while (Winograd &
Flores, 1986) and (Bødker, 1991) in addition explicitly express a technical knowledge
interest. The emancipatory interest is most explicit in Ehn’s work, but is also largely present in
the work of Winograd & Flores.
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